ABSTRACT
Resumen La micrografía analítica es una herramienta útil para la identificación de restos vegetales en muestras de material trozado o molido que no podrían ser identificadas de forma morfológica. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los caracteres mi- crográficos de las semillas de Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Leguminosae) y Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae), con el fin de proporcionar parámetros empleables para su identificación en un contexto forense y toxicológico. Los caracteres micrográficos relacionados con el tegumento exterior y las esclereidas fueron los más indicados para diferenciar entre ambas especies.
Abstract Analytical micrography is a useful tool for the identification of plant parts that can't be identified for its morphological characters. The aim of this work is to obtain micrographic characters of Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Leguminosae) and Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae) seeds for its identification in a toxicological and forensic context. The most suitable micrographic features were the ones related with exterior testa and the stone cells.
Subject(s)
Seeds/cytology , Solanaceae/cytology , Hallucinogens , Fabaceae/cytology , Argentina , Plant Poisoning/diagnosis , Photomicrography/methodsABSTRACT
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla (MG) and var. Perampalli Gulla (PG) are unique varieties with distinct flavour cultivated in Udupi, Karnataka State, and are exposed to several biotic and abiotic stresses. An efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration method is required to expedite the manipulation of these brinjal varieties to cope up with stress by tissue culture and gene transfer methods. The present study, reports a rapid and efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for these two varieties. The in vitro growth response was studied on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4-D, BAP and IAA, and the plantlets were regenerated efficiently from callus cultures of leaf, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. Among the three explants, the hypocotyl explants were found to have better callus induction and multiple shoot regeneration. High frequency of shoot initiation was achieved from hypocotyl derived calluses in MS media with 2.0 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IAA in MG and PG. Efficient and rapid shoot proliferation, and elongation were noted in MS medium with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L GA3. The in vitro regenerated shoots produced healthy roots when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA. A significant difference was observed in percentage of callus induction, number of shoots per callus, shoot elongation and number of hardened plantlets of MG and PG. MG showed maximum response in all stages of culture than PG. Hardening of plantlets in tissue culture was achieved in three weeks. The hardened plantlets were grown in pots for further acclimatization in green house and finally transplanted to experimental garden where they developed into flowering plants and produced mature fruits with viable seeds.
Subject(s)
Cell Culture Techniques , Cotyledon/cytology , Cotyledon/growth & development , Culture Media , India , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/cytology , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Plant Roots/cytology , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Shoots/cytology , Plant Shoots/growth & development , Regeneration/physiology , Seeds/cytology , Seeds/growth & development , Solanum melongena/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Euphorbia peplus L. belongs to Family Euphorbiaceae which includes about 283 genera with almost 7500 species. They are distributed all over the world mainly tropical countries. Some species of the genus Euphorbia showed antiviral and anticancer activities. It was reported to be used in folkloric medicine as purgative and in treatment of skin diseases, gonorrhea, liver disorders, chest diseases, and gout. Some phytochemical studies have been carried out abroad on different species. The authors carried out phytochemical and biological studies on the studied plant and here in we undertake macro- and micromorphological studies with the aim of finding out the diagnostic features by which the plant could be identified in both entire and powdered forms
Subject(s)
Euphorbia/growth & development , Plant Structures , Seeds/cytology , Plant Roots/cytology , Plant Stems/cytology , Medicine, Traditional , Fruit , Antineoplastic AgentsABSTRACT
This is the first report of the ultrastructure of the stigma and style during and after anthesis in Helianthus annuus L. using light and transmission electron microscopy. The stigma is bifid with unicellular papillae. There is no secretion of lipids, carbohydrates or proteins at anthesis. The style is semisolid in the upper portion, closer to the stigma, and becomes solid below. Ultrastructural changes on cells of the stigma and the style are described. The transmitting tissue of the ovule is first evident 40 minutes after pollination and persists during the first stages of embryogenesis. Only one pollen tube per micropyle was observed growing through this tissue.
Subject(s)
Flowers/ultrastructure , Helianthus/cytology , Helianthus/embryology , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Seeds/cytologyABSTRACT
Seed morphology and anatomy of the seed coat in five species of Calliandra (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) from Venezuela. Calliandra is an exclusively Neotropoical genus with 135 described species. There are 30 species in Venezuela. We studied seed morphology and the seed coat anatomy of five species: Calliandra riparia Pittier, Calliandra glomerulata Karsten var. glomerulata, Calliandra magdalenae (DC.) Benth. var. magdalenae, Calliandra surinamensis Benth. and Calliandra falcata Benth., to establish simililarities and differences amongst taxa for taxonomic characterization. Of the evaluated characters, 10 quantitative characters and 3 qualitative characters were selected as the most informative for the separation of species. Seed morphological characters of taxonomic value are form and size. Thickness of the light line, number of layers and space between the osteosclereids constitute distinctive characters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1075-1086. Epub 2008 September 30.
Se estudió la morfología de las semillas y la anatomía de la cubierta seminal en cinco especies venezolanas del género Calliandra, con la finalidad de establecer similitudes y diferencias entre estos taxa, para su utilización como criterio taxonómico. Se analizaron caracteres morfológicos de valor taxonómico; entre ellos la forma y el tamaño de la semilla, así como anatómicos tales como espesor de las diferentes regiones, la ubicación de la línea lúcida y el tamaño relativo de los espacios intercelulares en la hipodermis. Con los resultados se realizaron análisis de agrupamiento por medio de la función de análisis discriminante. Diez caracteres cuantitativos, y tres caracteres cualitativos, resultaron informativos para la separación de especies.
Subject(s)
Fabaceae/anatomy & histology , Seeds/anatomy & histology , Fabaceae/classification , Fabaceae/cytology , Seeds/classification , Seeds/cytology , VenezuelaABSTRACT
O estudo dos aspectos reprodutivos é um importante passo para entendermos a dinâmica das espécies em seu ambiente natural. Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae), espécie característica da Serra do Mar, apresenta potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas e para fins paisagísticos. Objetivou-se investigar a aquisição da capacidade germinativa das sementes e o estabelecimento da melhor época para colheita de frutos da espécie por meio de coletas semanais, onde as características morfológicas e a capacidade germinativa foram observadas, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento. A capacidade germinativa foi observada com 14 dias pós-antese e a máxima germinação foi observada aos 21 dias. As sementes T. mutabilis germinaram somente na luz. Além da necessidade da luz para a germinação, as mesmas não apresentaram nenhum tipo de dormência na fase final de maturação, apresentando alta porcentagem de germinação, A velocidade de germinação aumentou progressivamente em função do dessecamento das sementes nas subseqüentes fases avaliadas, sugerindo que a alta umidade foi o fator limitante para a germinação. O melhor indicador de maturação fisiológica e de fácil observação, para a espécie, é o início da abertura natural das cápsulas, entretanto, devido às sementes anemocóricas pequenas, propomos que as colheitas dos frutos sejam realizadas 21 dias pós-antese e antes da abertura das cápsulas, neste caso, as sementes devem ser mantidas dentro do fruto para secagem, em condição ambiente.
An important step for understanding the dynamic of plant species in their environment is the study of their reproductive feature. Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) is a characteristic species of Serra do Mar, with potential for recovery of degraded areas and with landscaping purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the acquisition of germination capacity of seeds and establishment of the best period for fruit harvest by weekly harvests, when morphological and germination capacity features were observed in four stages of development. The T. mutabilis seeds germinated only under white light. Besides the necessity of light for germination, seeds of T. mutabilis did not show another type of dormancy at the end of the ripening, with high germination percentage. The germination rate increases progressively in the function of lose of moisture in the subsequent stages of development, suggesting that the high moisture was the factor that restricted the germination. The best indicator of physiological maturation of seeds is the natural opening of the capsule. The advantage of this parameter is that it can be widely utilized and it is easy to recognize it. Due to the anemochoric dispersion of seeds, we propose that the harvest must be done, with good results, of fruit with 21 days after anthesis, and drying the fruit for capsule opening for seed extraction.
Subject(s)
Physiology/classification , Germination , Reproduction/genetics , Seeds/anatomy & histology , Seeds/cytology , Seeds/classification , Seeds/embryologyABSTRACT
Spontaneous intercellular chromatin migration/cytomixis was observed to occur in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the Chlorophytum comosum for the first time. The migration through cytomictic channels was more pronounced in meiosis-I and very rare in meiosis-II. The process was associated with erratic meiosis, which was characterized by defects in chromosome organization and segregation. Cytomixis was more intense in the month of April than in July and consequently the frequency of meiotic irregularities was much more pronounced during the month of April. As a consequence of abnormal meiosis, fertility was drastically reduced resulting in meager seed efficiency of 17% only. Recombination system also does not guarantee the release of sufficient variability. We view the phenomenon of cytomixis as genetically controlled mechanism involving meiotic genes and operating through signal transduction pathway triggered by the environmental stimuli. The evolutionary significance and tenable hypothesis in the backdrop of existing literature is also proposed.
Subject(s)
Asparagaceae/cytology , Chromatin/metabolism , Chromosome Segregation/physiology , Meiosis/physiology , Pollen Tube/cytology , Reproduction , Seasons , Seeds/cytologyABSTRACT
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura da semente de Pterodon emarginatus, nas várias fases do desenvolvimento, utilizando técnicas usuais. Verificou-se que os óvulos são campilótropos, crassinucelados e bitegumentados. Durante o desenvolvimento tegumentar ocorrem os seguintes processos: divisões anticlinais e acúmulo de compostos fenólicos na exotesta, cujas células tornam-se paliçádicas; divisões predominantemente periclinais e alongamento na mesotesta, onde se diferencia o feixe rafeal; diferenciação, adjacente à paliçada, da camada de células em ampulheta; coalescimento do tégmen junto à testa, culminando no concrescimento dos dois tegumentos, que se mantêm individualizados apenas na região micropilar; intensa impregnação de compostos pécticos nas paredes espessadas da mesotesta, com lignificação restrita ao xilema. Na região hilar, desenvolve-se a estrutura característica das sementes de Faboideae, com dupla camada paliçádica, parênquima subhilar e barra de traqueídes. O nucelo é consumido durante a formação da semente, observando-se, na estrutura jovem, células de paredes pécticas espessadas. O endosperma é nuclear e, após a celularização, exibe perifericamente células de conteúdo denso; é encontrado na semente madura, embora se apresente reduzido, acumulando substâncias lipídicas. O embrião é axial, com cotilédones crassos, que acumulam reservas de natureza lipídica e protéica, sendo raros os grãos de amido. Embora a estrutura observada seja típica das Fabaceae, não há reabsorção do tegumento interno, mas concrescimento ao externo.
Subject(s)
Fabaceae/anatomy & histology , Seeds/anatomy & histology , Fabaceae/cytology , Fabaceae/growth & development , Seeds/cytology , Seeds/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Effects of different nutrient solutions, organic supplements and plant growth regulators on in vitro seed germination and protocorm development of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. were studied. Seed germination was very high (up to 96%) in all the basal media, with Knudson's C and half-strength Murashige & Skoog being slightly more productive than Vacin & Went. Application of organic supplements and NAA had little effect on germination, but BAP proved inhibitory. After germination, protocorms exhibited a clear preference for peptone and NAA for much faster growth, while BAP resulted in stunted growth. Beside normal development, disorganisation of protocorms, followed by callusing occurred in presence of peptone and NAA. The calli were compact with limited growth and frequently regenerated protocorm like bodies. Development of seedlings was preceded by an intermediary rhizome phase. Growth of rhizomes was slow in the plant growth regulator free medium and about 15 months of culture was required for seedling formation. However, it was possible to hasten the process by 8-10 months with the employment of NAA, which also enhanced the number of seedlings per protocorm through axillary branching. Combined application of high BAP and low NAA was also useful for high rate of seedling formation.
Subject(s)
Culture Media , Germination/physiology , Lamiaceae/cytology , Seeds/cytologyABSTRACT
Culture of isolated microspores and of anthers on media containing IAA directed free microspore development to an embryogenic pathway in C. olitorius. The first division of microspores on transfer to culture media was symmetrical in contrast to the asymmetrical division seen in normal development in vivo. Initially, 10-30% microspores divided symmetrically, but only 0.2-1% of the dividing microspores continued dividing and produced multicellular microcalli. About 30% of these microcalli produced callus but only on medium with 2.0 mg/L zeatin and 0.1 mg/L IAA. Incubation in the dark at temperatures of 35 degrees C for 1 day and then 25 degrees C was found effective for induction of first embryonic division in Corchorus. The frequency of microspore callus formation was higher on medium containing either 3% or 5% sucrose. Addition of colchicine and addition of activated charcoal to the above medium did not enhance microspore division in Corchorus olitorius. On transfer to different media most calli produced roots but regeneration of shoots and embryos was not induced.
Subject(s)
Breeding/methods , Cell Division , Haploidy , Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology , Organ Culture Techniques , Plants/cytology , Pollen/drug effects , Seeds/cytology , Sucrose/pharmacology , Temperature , Zeatin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Both black mustard [Brassica nigra, Linn, and Koch.] and black cumin [Nigella sativa Linn.] are of immense value in the Indian system of medicine since ancient times. They are commonly used as spices to give agreeable flavour and aroma to insipid food and pickles, to stimulate the appetite and to flow the gastric juices, to camouflage or disguise the slightly unpleasant taste of many fishes or meats and to increase the rate of perspiration, thus having a cooling effect on the body. Apart from their culinary uses, they are used as active ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Unani medicines [Kochhar, 1981; Pruthi, 1987]. But commerce in this country is often concomitant with adulteration. Detection of genuine sample and its adulterants is extremely difficult. The above two drugs are no exception. So proper identification, authentication and evaluation of these crude drugs are of much importance